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politics of planned development notes
Class 12 Political Science Chapter 3 Notes

Here, we are providing notes for Chapter 3 of Class 12 Political Science: “Politics of Planned Development.” This chapter explores the key features associated with the politics of planned development.

These notes will prove beneficial for students preparing for their board examinations this year. Crafted in simple and systematic language, this material will aid in quickly revising the chapter and retaining the key points.

Politics of planned development notes, Class 12 Political Science Chapter 3 Notes

कक्षा 12 राजनीतिक विज्ञान अध्याय 3 के नोट्स हिंदी में, नियोजित विकास की राजनीति notes

class 12 Political Science book 2 chapter 3 notes

Planned Development

  1. Planning entails achieving predetermined goals by utilizing available resources with minimum expenditure.
  2. Systematic development is referred to as planned development.
  3. In the contemporary era, planning holds particular significance. Planning implies making preparations to execute a task in an organized manner; specifically, the process of establishing a methodology to attain certain specific objectives is what constitutes planning.

Indian economy after independence

  1. At the time of independence, India’s economy was in a precarious state.
  2. The majority of the population was dependent on agriculture.
  3. Industrial growth was sluggish.
  4. Alongside population growth, a large proportion of the people remained impoverished.
  5. There was a lack of infrastructure (electricity, roads, markets, etc.).
  6. There was a dearth of basic amenities.
  7. The partition of India and Pakistan, which coincided with independence, inflicted significant damage upon the economy.

Models of Development

  1. Socialist Model
  2. Capitalist Model

Meaning of Development:

The term ‘development’ signifies ideas of advancement, progress, well-being, and the aspiration for a better life; it is intrinsically linked to economic growth and socio-economic justice.

Socialist Model:

Communism is an ideology in which the entire societal system remains in the hands of the government; under this system, private property is opposed.

Capitalist Model:

Capitalism is an ideology characterized by minimal government intervention in society. Greater emphasis is placed on trade, and significant importance is accorded to private enterprise.

Mixed Model:

  1. India has adopted a mixed economy.
  2. A mixed economy refers to a system that incorporates elements of both a capitalist economy and a communist economy.

Ideologies of Development

1. Left-wing Ideology :-

  1. These were the people who desired that a framework for development be established in the country with due consideration for poverty and the backward classes.
  2. These individuals were deeply concerned about the poor.
  3. They sought the creation of a system that would ensure the welfare of the impoverished people of the country.

2. Right-wing Ideology:

  1. These were the people who supported capitalism.
  2. Right-wing ideology encourages open competition.
  3. According to this ideology, the government should not interfere unnecessarily in the economy.

Planning

  1. Planning entails achieving pre-determined objectives by utilizing available resources with minimum expenditure.
  2. Influenced by the system of planned development in the Soviet Union, India also adopted planning.

Planning Commission

  1. Established – March 15, 1950
  2. Chairman – Prime Minister

Work :-

  1. Formulating a Five-Year Plan
  2. Optimal utilization of resources
  3. Evaluating each stage of the plan

Objective :-

Its primary objective was to formulate plans for the future, taking into account the country’s resources, so that the nation could achieve rapid development.

  • On January 1, 2015, the Planning Commission was renamed the NITI Aayog.

NITI

  1. National Institution for Transforming India
  2. Chairman – Prime Minister
  3. Vice Chairman – Arvind Panagariya

Shortcomings in the Planning Commission

  1. The Planning Commission was primarily dominated by the Central Government, and all plans were formulated by the Centre and imposed upon the states.
  2. Due to the lack of state representation, it was difficult for the states to implement these plans.
  3. Political maneuvering among various parties also created hurdles in the formulation and implementation of these schemes.
  4. Challenges were encountered in the allocation of resources among the states.

Reasons for the Formation of NITI Aayog

  1. In light of all these issues, the government dissolved the Planning Commission and established NITI Aayog on January 1, 2015.
  2. Unlike the Planning Commission, NITI Aayog does not handle the allocation of resources; instead, this responsibility has now been entrusted to the country’s Ministry of Finance, thereby resolving the issue of resource allocation.
  3. The Governing Council includes the Chief Ministers of all states and the Lieutenant Governors of the Union Territories, thereby eliminating the issue regarding the representation of the states.

Five year plan

A Five-Year Plan refers to a plan whose objectives are to be achieved within a specific timeframe; that is, a plan formulated for a period of five years is called a Five-Year Plan.

First Five-Year Plan

  1. Period: 1951–1956
  2. Leadership: K.V. Raj

Objective -

  1. कृषि क्षेत्र को बढावा देना क्योंकि अधिकतर लोग कृषि पर निर्भर थे।
  2. द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध तथा देश के विभाजन के फलस्वरूप देश में जो आर्थिक अव्यवस्था तथा असंतुलन पैदा हो चूका था उसको ठीक करना था
  3. देश में सर्वांगीण संतुलित विकास का प्रारम्भ करना था।
  4. उत्पादन क्षमता में वृद्धि तथा आर्थिक विषमता को यथासंभव कम करना था।

Second Five-Year Plan

  1. Period – 1956–1961
  2. Objective – To promote industries
  3. Leadership – P. C. Mahalanobis

Objective -

  1. To achieve rapid progress.
  2. To promote heavy industries (power, railways, steel).
  3. To industrialize.
  4. To ensure a substantial increase in national income so as to improve the standard of living of the people.
  5. To maximize the expansion of employment opportunities.

Main Controversy

Agriculture vs. Industry

  1. A major question confronting us is which sector—agriculture or industry—should receive a greater allocation of resources in a developing economy like India.
  2. Most people held the view that the Second Five-Year Plan’s objective of prioritizing industrial growth had come at the expense of agriculture and rural areas.
  3. Chaudhary Charan Singh argued that economic planning was enriching the urban and industrial classes, while the cost of this development was being borne by farmers and the rural populace.
  4. Many others, however, believed that there could be no escape from the web of poverty without accelerating the growth rate of industrial production.
  5. Laws were enacted to facilitate land reforms and the equitable distribution of resources among the rural poor. The planning framework also envisaged substantial expenditure on community development programs and irrigation projects.

Private Sector vs. Public Sector

  1. India adopted neither capitalism nor communism; this is because, under the capitalist model, the task of development relies entirely on the private sector, whereas under the communist model, private property is abolished and the state exercises control over every form of production.
  2. India incorporated elements from both models, a system known as a mixed economy.
  3. Agriculture—farming, trade, and a significant portion of industries—remained in the hands of the private sector.
  4. The state retained control over heavy industries and provided the necessary infrastructure.

Public Sector :-

The public sector refers to those businesses and economic activities in which the resources are owned by the government, and whose management and control lie in the hands of the government.

Characteristics of the Public Sector:

  1. The public sector is a broad concept that encompasses all economic and commercial activities of the government.
  2. The various enterprises, corporations, and other institutions established under the public sector are owned, managed, and operated by the government.

Land Reform

There was a serious problem regarding land reform, yet significant efforts were made towards it.

  1. Abolition of the Zamindari system
  2. Consolidation of landholdings
  3. Establishment of cooperatives and rural banks
  4. For the benefit of farmers, the Government of India has also launched the Kisan Credit Card and the Personal Accident Insurance Scheme.

Some other efforts at land reform met with somewhat less success.

Example:

  1. What is the maximum amount of land an individual can hold in their name?
  2. However, those who possessed excess land found loopholes in this law; for instance, they would transfer ownership of their land to their wives, children, or acquaintances. Some individuals even handed over their land to tenant farmers for cultivation.

green Revolution

  1. The Green Revolution in India began in the years 1966–67. The credit for initiating the Green Revolution goes to Nobel Laureate Professor Norman Borlaug.
  2. The Green Revolution aimed to provide farmers in the country’s agricultural sector with high-yielding hybrid and dwarf seeds, high-quality fertilizers, pesticides, and improved irrigation facilities.
  3. The government also guaranteed that the produce would be procured at a predetermined price.

The methodology of the Green Revolution primarily consisted of three elements—

  1. Continuous Expansion of Agriculture
  2. Objective of Double Cropping
  3. Use of High-Quality Seeds

Positive and Negative Impacts of the Green Revolution

Positive Impact

  1. Record growth in production.
  2. Boost to industrial development.
  3. Promotion of hydroelectric power.
  4. Demand for Indian farmers abroad.
  5. Repayment of foreign loans.
  6. Improvement in the condition of farmers.

Negative Impact

  1. Degraded soil fertility.
  2. Declining water levels.
  3. Use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
  4. Toxic levels in the food chain.
  5. Most farmers did not benefit.
  6. The gap between the rich and the poor widened further.

White Revolution

  1. The Milkman of India – Verghese Kurien.
  2. Amul was founded by Verghese Kurien from the city of Anand in Gujarat.
  3. The initiative aimed to resolve the milk shortage in India. Also known as the ‘White Revolution,’ it was launched on January 13, 1970.
  4. It involved 2.5 million milk producers, thereby enabling the distribution of milk to other regions as well.
  5. With the advent of milk powder, people were able to store milk for extended periods.
  6. In 1970, a rural development program known as ‘Operation Flood’ was launched.

Bombay Plan

  1. In 1944, a group of Indian industrialists gathered in Bombay.
  2. At this meeting, these industrialists drafted a joint proposal for operating a planned economy.
  3. This is known as the Bombay Plan.
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Class 12 Book 2 Chapters 2 Notes
This Chapter in Hindi Medium
India’s external relations
Class 12 Book 2 Chapters 4 Notes

ncert Class 12 Political Science book 2 Chapter 3 Notes

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Class 12 Political Science Chapter 3 Notes, Politics of planned development notes
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