By /

Globalisation
Class 12 Political Science Chapter 9 Notes

Here, we provide notes for the first chapter of Class 12 Political Science, “Globalization.” This chapter examines the key features of globalization.

These notes will be useful for students preparing for this year’s board exams. Presented in simple and organized language, this material will help them quickly revise the chapter and remember key points.

Meaning of Globalization

  1. The free flow of goods, capital, labor, and ideas from one part of the world to another is called globalization.
  2. The primary function of globalization is to treat all countries equally and create a global platform for all.
  3. Globalization is a process that creates interdependence among world markets.
  4. It eliminates the restrictions of national borders and gives rise to an open economy.
  5. Foreign investment is given great importance in globalization.

Reasons for the rise of globalization

  1. Technology has played a crucial role in the emergence of globalization, as people living far away are connected to each other through telephones, mobile phones, and social networks.
  2. Natural resources are gradually depleting in countries, leading to interdependence. This interdependence has fueled globalization.
  3. Globalization has also been fostered by the increase in free trade in the world. Environmental problems and natural disasters have also brought countries closer, leading to increased cooperation and collaboration. They are also helping each other solve problems, which has also fueled globalization.

Characteristics of globalization

  1. The dynamic, free flow of capital, labor, goods, and ideas.
  2. Capitalist ideology expands.
  3. Globalization emphasizes free trade and an open economy.
  4. Both cooperation and interdependence between countries increase.
  5. Economic events have a uniform impact on everyone.
  6. The rise of MNCs.
  7. The importance of the market increases relative to the state.
  8. Employment gradually increases.
  9. The quality of goods increases due to market competition.

Effects of Globalization

1. Political influence

  1. Resolving disputes between countries through trade.
  2. Changes in international relations.
  3. All countries are given equal status.
  4. The rise of the welfare state.
  5. The role of the state becomes laissez-faire. Reducing the power and authority of the state.
  6. In globalization, governments operate under pressure from capitalists.
  7. Governments can collect information about their citizens through technology.
  8. Increasing democracy and civil rights.

2. Economic impact

  1. Economic policies are being formulated by institutions like the IMF, World Bank, and WTO.
  2. Import restrictions are being reduced.
  3. Free trade and an open economy are being promoted.
  4. Increased foreign investment through capital flows.
  5. Developed countries are being exploited by developing countries.
  6. Economic inequality in society has increased, with the rich becoming richer and the poor becoming poorer.
  7. Banking, online shopping, and other business transactions have become easier.

3. Cultural influences

  1. This has led to cultural homogenization.
  2. Indigenous culture is gradually being eroded.
  3. Western culture is being imposed through the market.
  4. New festivals and customs have emerged in people’s lifestyles.
  5. People’s sense of humanity has diminished and their sense of economic gain has increased.
  6. There have been changes in eating habits, lifestyles, and an increased interest in foreign films and music.

positive effects of globalization

The introduction of new techniques and technologies between countries.

The emergence of new industries, leading to the creation of new jobs, has improved people’s living standards.

Foreign investment has brought economic benefits to countries and has also created economic infrastructure.

The spirit of international cooperation has increased among all countries.

Free trade and an open economy have increased investment opportunities and provided an opportunity to meet people’s demands.

Negative effects of globalization

  1. Economic imbalances have increased, with the rich becoming richer and the poor becoming poorer.
  2. Foreign companies have led to the decline of indigenous and domestic industries.
  3. The dominance of multinational companies has increased in countries, which has led to a decline in the power of governments.
  4. The decline of local industries has led to an increase in unemployment in countries.
  5. The dominance of international institutions like the IMF, World Bank, and WTO has increased.
  6. Developed countries are exploiting underdeveloped countries.
  7. We have forgotten our indigenous culture and have fallen under the influence of foreign culture.
  8. The widespread use of technology has led to its misuse.

India and Globalization

  1. From 1947 to 1991, India adopted a socialist-liberal model.
  2. In 1991, due to the country’s deteriorating economic situation, India borrowed money from international financial institutions, which led to the adoption of a liberal-socialist model.
  3. The disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991 led to the collapse of socialist ideology, and the influence of capitalist ideology became visible worldwide.
  4. In 1991, India adopted a new economic policy, which promoted globalization.
  5. Free trade licenses and business regulations were abolished to attract foreign investment and allow large MNCs and companies to promote industrialization in India.
  6. India has benefited significantly from globalization, which has significantly boosted India’s GDP, employment, education, health, and industrialization.
  7. Today, the Indian economy has reached the second position in terms of growth rate.

WSF (World Special Forume)

  1. The first meeting of the World Special Forum was held in Brazil in 2001.
  2. The fourth meeting of the WSF was held in Mumbai in 2004.
  3. India hosted the World Social Forum (WSF) for the first time.
  4. The primary objective of this forum is to challenge contemporary perceptions of globalization and to promote self-conscious development for an alternative future.
  5. The WSF was formed to oppose the harm caused by globalization.
  6. Under the WSF, human rights activists, environmentalists, workers, youth, and women activists unite to oppose the negative impact of globalization on the world.

Why is globalization called recolonization?

Due to the process of globalization, the political and economic influence of developed and wealthy states on developing and weaker states is increasing. Multinational corporations operate in developing countries solely for the benefit of developed countries and are increasingly subjugating developing countries economically. This is why globalization is also called re-colonialism.

This Chapter in Hindi Medium

Leave a Comment

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Scroll to Top